The Effect of Physical Education Activities Using Petanque Based on Carron's Concept on Cohesion Among Lower Secondary School Students
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This quasi-experiment study aimed to examine and compare the effects of physical education activities using petanque, based on Carron’s concept, on the cohesion of lower secondary school students. The sample consisted of 54 Grade 7 students, who were purposively selected and equally divided into two groups: an experimental group (n = 27) and a control group (n = 27). The intervention involved an 8-week physical education program using petanque according to Carron’s cohesion framework, conducted three days per week, one hour per session. The research instruments included a cohesion measurement scale. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, and standard deviation, dependent sample t-test, and independent sample t-test was applied to compare the mean cohesion scores between the experimental and control groups after the intervention. The level of statistical significance was set at .05. The study found statistically significant improvements in both social and task cohesion within the experimental and control groups after the intervention. Post-intervention comparisons showed that students in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher cohesion scores than those in the control group, indicating that petanque-based physical education activities effectively enhanced group cohesion. These results indicate that the implementation of petanque-based activities effectively enhanced group cohesion, with significant differences observed between students who participated in the activity and those who did not.
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