Integrated Analysis of Dasa Pāramī: Mechanisms and Dimensions of Key Principles in Vessantara Jātaka

Abstract

This academic article aims to investigate the systematic relationship mechanisms and dynamics of the Ten Perfections (Dasa Pāramī) as they appear in the Vessantara Jātaka. By employing an integrated analytical approach, the study highlights the significant implication that "Dāna Pāramī" (Perfection of Generosity) does not exist in isolation. Instead, it functions as a powerful Core Mechanism that drives and attracts the other nine perfections to operate in coordination, fostering a Holistic Synergy that maintains spiritual equilibrium amidst critical situations. Through an analysis of the Tipiṭaka, Commentaries (Aṭṭhakathā), and Sub-commentaries (Ṭīkā), the findings reveal that Vessantara's performance of the Great Donation (Mahā-dāna) represents a process of elevating ethics from a conventional level to an ultimate level (Paramattha). This transformation relies on complex and subtle psychological mechanisms to manage the Ethical Dilemma arising between worldly attachments and spiritual aspirations, governed by the dimensions of enlightened Wisdom (Paññā) and detached Equanimity (Upekkhā). The results suggest that the Ten Perfections in the Vessantara Jātaka serve as a perfect ethical model, seamlessly integrating the dual objectives of personal benefit (attaining Supreme Enlightenment) and public benefit (the welfare of sentient beings) in a mutually supportive manner.