The Adoption of Sustainable Rubber Production Standards by Rubber Farmers

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the factors influencing the adoption and implementation of production standards by rubber farmers in global value chains, as well as to examine the conditions and limitations for the adaptation of these farmers. Additionally, it evaluates the economic and social impacts of complying with these standards in order to propose guidelines for enhancing the capacity of Thai rubber farmers. The study employed a mixed-methods research design, collecting data from 34 rubber farmers in Surat Thani and Trat provinces through in-depth interviews, and analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data. The research findings indicate that farmers have a moderate level of adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and a high level of adoption of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standard. The main obstacles to GAP adoption were the use of fresh latex strainers and the control of soil pH, while the challenges for FSC adoption included the development of a labor risk assessment and mitigation plan, as well as the payment of overtime wages. Significant factors influencing GAP adoption included off-farm income, plantation size, and labor hiring patterns. Meanwhile, FSC adoption was correlated with on-farm income. A higher level of standard adoption was associated with increased yield and net profit. Specifically, upgrading GAP from a low to a high level resulted in an increase in profits of 22,904 Baht per rai, while upgrading FSC from a low to a high level led to an increase in profits of 18,481 Baht per rai. The policy recommendations include implementing premium price mechanisms, subsidizing certification costs, developing personnel and mentorship systems, and creating a strategic plan to systematically promote FSC standards.