The Analysis of the Karma of Upasika in Theravada Buddhist Scriptures: A case Study of Etadagga Upasika

Abstract

This research article aims to 1) the karma rules in Theravada Buddhism are studied. (2) The actions of upasika  who become foremost disciples (etadagga) are studied. We also studied karma and the results displayed by these foremost laywomen. The study employs a document-based approach, utilising sources such as the Pili Canon, commentaries, subcommentaries, research works, books, and relevant articles. The findings reveal the following: 1) The principles of karma in Theravada Buddhism define karma as intentional actions performed through body, speech, or mind. We refer to wholesome actions as "kusala karma" and unwholesome actions as "akusala karma." The law of karma operates impartially, determining the moral status of all beings based on their actions. The results of karma manifest differently, akin to planting seeds, hunting animals, fleeing from a dog, or dropping an object from a height. 2) The actions of 10 prominent upasika in their past were shaped by their determination to achieve the status of a foremost disciple after witnessing the Buddha appoint another upasika to such a position. They performed exceptional, wholesome deeds and aspired to this distinguished role, reborn repeatedly across divine and human realms for 100,000 aeons. 3) These upasika’s behaviour in past lives varied by body, speech, and mind. Most performed wholesome deeds, while some engaged in unwholesome actions. In their present lives, they reap the results of their past karma, including attaining the eye of wisdom after hearing the Dhamma and being recognised by the Buddha as foremost among laywomen.